Ethiopian forces managed to defeat the Italians, and Menelik quickly set to building alliances across northern Africa and even with Russia (the only imperial nation he felt was trustworthy). African slaves forged an alliance with white indentured servants in a rebellion to demand freedoms. The strongest identities were communal and, to a lesser extent, religious, which begins to explain the presence of African participants in European conquests of other African societies. 219 lessons. The European scramble to partition and occupy African territory is often treated as a peripheral aspect of the political and economic rivalries that developed between the new industrial nations in Europe itself and that were particularly acute from about 1870 to 1914. In the aftermath of the European conquest, Africa resisted European occupation of Africa from the Asante, the Ethiopians and the Mossi of Ouagadougou each ruler choose different approach to resistance. Google Scholar Chris has a master's degree in history and teaches at the University of Northern Colorado. The Ottoman Empire: Changes, Politics & Developments. Old civilizations were in decline giving the freshly prepared European forces an advantage, since nations and kingdoms were not organized and strong enough. An example of this would be the Algerian War of Independence . A. Adu Boahen's African Perspectives on Colonialism neatly classifies African responses to European colonialism during both phases of invasion and occupation during the 19th century with precise labels according to their nature or time period. The War of Spanish Succession Overview & History | What Caused the Spanish Succession? Objectivity in Historical Research & Writing, AP European History: Homework Help Resource, TECEP World History (1600 to Present): Study Guide & Test Prep, Glencoe The American Journey: Online Textbook Help, GED Social Studies: Civics & Government, US History, Economics, Geography & World, SAT Subject Test US History: Practice and Study Guide, NY Regents Exam - Global History and Geography: Test Prep & Practice, Create an account to start this course today. Emerging from Mali in the 1300s and expanding across Western Africa, the Mandinka were led by a collection of mansas, local rulers, who amassed wealth by engaging in local warfare and selling captives to the early European slave traders on the coast as part of the Atlantic slave trade that emerged in the 1450s. By the mid-1880s, however, the international slave trade had been abolished across Europe. It also neglects the colonial-era power dynamic of which African societies and institutions were essential components. While they were never successful at completely overthrowing British colonial rule, they did manage to make perhaps the most significant change in colonial procedures of perhaps any European colony in Africa, achieving the removal of the Warrant Chief, the local colonial governor whose actions they viewed as unjust and abusive. They were able to use advanced military technology to suppress African resistance to colonization, taking over most of the continent by 1900. Identify the grammatical error in each of the following sentences. What are the lasting effects of colonization in Africa? Burning everything man-made behind him, he moved his entire population eastward. Various kingdoms across Africa attempted to resist European colonization. Along the coast, a Muslim leader named Abushiri defended his city by attacking the Germans with 8,000 men in 1888. The mass migration of Dutch, German, and French settlersthe Afrikanersto South Africa and the British colonialism of America are classic examples of settler colonialism. The Iberian nations of Spain and Portugal were the first to colonize the American continents. The Six-Day War of 1967 Summary & Causes | What was the Six-Day War? European goods, ideas, and diseases shaped the changing continent. 1 Ethiopia defeated Italy at the Battle of Adwa (usually known as Adowa, or sometimes by the Italian name Adua) was fought on 1 March . History Ch. People opposed imperialism by organizing nationalists movement to expel imperialists and strengthening societies, and the use of verbal argument where some Europeans argued that it was immoral and imposing undemocratic rule on other people. As a result, the mass uprising was relatively short lived. Required fields are marked *. Unfortunately, he had no artillery. Ethiopia stands alone, however, as the one African society to successfully defend itself against an invading European army and remain free of direct European political domination. At this point, the colonial powers of Europe began to consider alternate means of tapping into the vast wealth of resources the African continent had to offer, a rush of increasing trade and exploration that came to be known as the "Scramble for Africa". Ethiopia was able to be successful in resisting imperialism because they allied with other local kingdoms and with Russia, who supplied them with weaponry to defeat the Italian army at the Battle of Adwa. European Imperialism History & Characteristics | What is European Imperialism? Emperor Menelik II responded immediately. Menelik II, emperor of Ethiopia, led his army to accomplish this unique feat in March 1896, defeating General Oreste Baratieris Italian army and its Eritrean allies at the Battle of Adwa. Never mind the fact that Ethiopia was already fully populated by a vast and multi-cultural state led by Emperor Menelik II. However, long before European colonization, Africa had its own forms of trade, science, art, and other measures of civilization and we will reveal them below. 21 chapters | The belief that Africa was created through colonialism, sort of, is still in use today. Three options were opened to African, that of confrontation, that of alliance and that of acquiescence (accept without protest) or submission. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Those in conflict with one another tended to remain in conflict, despite the impending threat from the French, British, Germans, and other powers. Ethiopians revived around Menelik II and took pride in the kingdoms brilliant history. Imperialism in Latin America | History, Effects & Impacts, Japanese Imperialism: Territorial Acquisitions & Wars, How Historical Theories Affect Interpretations of the Past. Certainly it can be said that Ethiopia was an oddity when it came to colonial Africa. Describe one early development in each region of Africa in the early 1800's. Let's start by looking at a group with some of the longest interactions with Europeans. Three options were opened to African, that of confrontation, that of alliance and that of acquiescence (accept without protest) or submission. During the late 19th century, as the Industrial Revolution changed the economy of Europe, the emerging empires there turned to Africa as a source of raw material to support the capitalist process. From the 16th century through the 18th century . For that reason, Africans, like other people around the world who found themselves under foreign rule, found ways to resist. Meanwhile, Ethiopian peasants melted into the forests and harassed the approaching Italian army. Other African countries had looked upon Ethiopia as a source of hope. 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Many resented the influx of settlers, and resistance to settlement increased through the 1780s, especially in the . A big reason black Americans adopted the "African-American" label is because the majority of them do not know what their country of origin is because their ancestors were brought here as enslaved people. Thurs the great Egyptian empire as they were, the Asante empire,the Somoury Toure of Senegambia, the Ethiopian and the Zulu empire could have fought together to resist the European on common front of which would pg. African nationalist and pan Africanist everywhere were united in their condemnation of colonial and their resolve to seek all possible means to end it. The essence of the conference as it were was to laydown rules of the game, the do and donts of European occupation interest in Africa which were later articulated. As Europeans moved beyond exploration and into colonization of the Americas, they brought changes to virtually every aspect of the land and its people, from trade and hunting to warfare and personal property. Rather he created one himself: the Wassoulou Empire. In addition to creating a new resurgence in native cultures, they aided in the revival of indigenous communities in the West. However, the French military consistently broke this treaty and encouraged Samoris people to rebel against him. The major events of African American history are best told in different phases - colonial America to 1877, and 1877 to present - similar to how the study of U.S. history is structured in schools. It was also possible to limit European political control through some form of collaboration with European generals or colonial administrators. Thus four centuries had marked a significant change in term of development in Europe which Africa cannot match. Of course, not all colonial resistance was fought militarily. By the late 19th century European empires had the most advanced weaponry in the world, so most African military resistance eventually met defeat. Many African chiefs who resisted didn't have any opportunity to collaborate. Type your requirements and Ill connect you to Ancient Greeks, Romans, Arabs and potentially the Malays as it pertains to distinguishing between immigration and settler colonialism, all established colonies on the African continent, some of which endured centuries. Colonialism is the act by which a country or state exerts control and domination over another country or state. Moreover the European used vast experience they acquired from their long history of colonial rule and exploitation around the world in fact by 1885weatern European had already mastered the art of divide, conquer and rule having skilled over four centuries of imperialism and exploitation in America, Asia and the pacific. There is, however, one notable exception. Before the coming of colonial masters to africa, most African countries had divided systems of government. The Ottoman Empire: Changes, Politics & Developments. After the Berlin Conference of 1884 85, at which the most capable European nations settled upon rules for making a case for specific African domains, the British, French, Germans, Italians, Spanish, Belgians, and Portuguese set about formally actualizing procedures for the long haul occupation and control of Africa. Many of the indigenous people had been turned into poorly paid laborers who also had to pay taxes. The complexity of Africans' political relationships among others influenced the nature of their resistance to colonial rule. Powerful African armies were able to keep the European out of most of Africa for four centuries.it was gathered that the first explorer of Africa were the Portuguese in the 15th century, at that time the gap between the European and the African in term of development was not much. Examples of Resistance: Chimurenga Resistance (Zimbabwe) Battle of Isandhlawana. In contrast to traditional types of colonialism, the source of the exploitation in internal colonialism comes from within the county rather than from a foreign power. When this failed, however, they sent an army to conquer Ethiopia. Perhaps as many as 100,000 people were killed. The Ndebele fought the British to great success, but were eventually defeated by superior British military technology. That prompts the European occupation of Africa. These early outposts laid the foundation for the expansion of the slave trade, with enslaved Africans brought from the interior of the continent, having been captured in the course of tribal warfare. European Imperialism in China: Effects & Timeline | Was China Colonized? Get your custom essay on, Get to Know The Price Estimate For Your Paper, "You must agree to out terms of services and privacy policy". Samori managed to bring together two powerful groups long-distance trading merchants and traditional rulers in the region. (2017, Jan 20). European Colonization & Imperialism in Africa | What was the Scramble for Africa? copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. Instead, the evidence points us towards a few overall conclusions about resistance to colonial rule: However, that does not mean societies didnt use military campaigns to resist colonialism; they often did, at least in the beginning of a colonial conquest. Your email address will not be published. Retrieved from http://studymoose.com/african-resistance-to-colonization-essay. African women had always held a firm position in the production and agricultural sectors of the economy. Trevor Getz is Professor of African History at San Francisco State University. But whether they won or lost, they returned to their lives as best as they could afterward. In 1884, 15 European nations and the United States convened the Berlin West Africa Conference, commonly shortened to the Berlin Conference, to discuss the appropriate use and division of the land and resources of Africa. In 1884, the Berlin Conference was convened, at which the dominant empires of Europe divided up Africa into colonies or protectorates under European administration. The Native Americans first encountered European pilgrims, and in the blink of the eye, saw their world change by European pioneers. Several countries obtained independence by direct, violent rebellion. The effective resistances put up against European colonization by the Ashanti people of Ghana, the Hehe of Tanzania, or the Zulus of South Africa suggest a very strong sense of national identity that was already in placeand a fierce determina- An error occurred trying to load this video. He was a careful student of the military, and constantly tried to update his weapons. However European had earlier establish contact with Africa as early as the 1450s, they actually controlled very little land. There is no Ethiopian who will not plant his feet in the sand and face death to save his country.. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. The period from 1800-1900 marked the highest level of European conquest and occupation of Africa. Not only was this movement composed almost entirely of rural women, it was also the largest protest in colonial Nigeria until the independence struggles of 1960. However, Christianity was introduced to the rest of Africa only in the modern era. During these time all African had same objective that is defending their sovereignty and traditional way of life, it is the strategies that varies. 1 confrontation involved open warfare, sieges, and guerrilla tactics, scorched earth policies as well as diplomacy. In 1884-1885, European empires met at the Berlin Conference to divide Africa amongst themselves, leading to a massive colonial invasion called the Scramble for Africa. He was helped immensely by the Empress Taytu, who was both strongly suspicious of the Italians and had relatives among the Oromo. Dutch, British and Russian Colonies in Asia: European Imperialism and Its Consequences, The Berlin Conference & the Colonization of Africa | Purpose & Rules, Decolonization in Africa: Impact & Summary | How WWII Changed Africa. In the time between 1886 and 1914, there were events called European "scramble for Africa". Non-violent Resistance - In the Year of African Independence, 1961, 17 countries declared themselves independent of colonial powers, most of them non-violently, through protest and/or negotiation . Ethiopia's ability to resist being swept up in the "Scramble for Africa" can be credited to the stability of its longstanding imperial government, beginning with the Abyssinian Empire in the 13th century, and lasting into the late 20th century, with the exception of a brief Italian occupation during the 1930s. As European colonial excursions began to explore Africa, the indigenous kingdoms there found themselves unable to put up effective resistance to the advanced military technology utilized by imperialist forces. The British Reform Movement: Social, Political & Economic Reforms. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 84,000 Sicily and southern Italy was conquered from North Africa and ruled by Muslims for well over a century. However it could be noted that African lacks courage and military science compared to their European counterpart. In order to prevent white and black oppressed groups from conspiring, the Virginia government wielded racist policies to drive a wedge. In a few mass battles, the Tanganyikans were badly defeated. How Africa This condition affects around 15% of diabetic patients and is one of the leading causes of lower limb amputations. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. By 9:30 in the morning, the Italian force had been defeated. They brought together an army of 100,000 men from all of the ethnic and religious groups of Ethiopia and all of the regions. Its opening has commonly been taken to be either the French reaction to the British occupation . Though he claimed to be engaging in charitable work in Africa, he abused and exploited millions of natives in order to harvest rubber and enrich himself. Yet as he conquered African territory and engaged in conflicts with African competitors, the French pushed deeper into the West African interior from Senegal, under the direction of Louis Faidherbe and his Senegalese Tirailleursa corps of African soldiersand the British pushed northward through Sierra Leone and the Gold Coast with a large contingent of Hausa soldiers. Describe the resistance movements that occurred in these locations. The greatest negative impact of colonization was the exploitation of the natural resources by foreigners which did not benefit the local communities, but instead the colonizers. 1. Thus, his forces were defeated in several battles. Along with that, a well-trained and powerful military was put together, which helped fend off invading forces such as the Italians. Create your account. The First World War represented a turning-point in African history, not as dramatic as the Second World War, but nevertheless important in many areas. In the early period of formal colonialism in Africa, military resistance could sometimes be effective, but this was rare. From the 15th through 20th centuries, European nations measured their success in terms of the number of places they colonized. Maji-Maji Uprising (Tanganyika) Battle of Adowa (Ethiopia) Asante Resistance (Ghana) Samori Ture. Resistance by Native Americans. Students looking for free, top-notch essay and term paper samples on various topics. Ethiopia was able to resist European imperialism by modernizing its nation. By continuing, you agree to our Terms and Conditions. As their indigenous social, political and economic structures were . Religious opposition: A number of the early anti-colonial up-risings featured in the last section were led by religious leaders. Chris has a master's degree in history and teaches at the University of Northern Colorado. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Along with that, a well-trained and powerful military was put together, which helped fend off invading forces such as the Italians. Leopold II (1835 - 1909) A Belgian king who created a private colony in southeastern Africa called the Congo Free State. History has it that there were two version of the treaty one in Italian and the other one in Amharic; both treaties were different in content. In 1892, the French army and Samoris army waged a huge battle that was very closely fought, but eventually Samori was defeated. aye slime say slatt u need do my work slime on foenem grave slatt big blrdd ayeh slime on foenem. As they resisted European invasions, they confronted both European and African soldiers. Objectivity in Historical Research & Writing, AP European History: Homework Help Resource, TECEP World History (1600 to Present): Study Guide & Test Prep, Glencoe The American Journey: Online Textbook Help, GED Social Studies: Civics & Government, US History, Economics, Geography & World, SAT Subject Test US History: Practice and Study Guide, NY Regents Exam - Global History and Geography: Test Prep & Practice, Create an account to start this course today. In Zimbabwe, which had been led by the Ndebele people since 1838, King Lobengula first attempted to work peacefully alongside British imperial representatives. But military resistance reemerged strongly after the Second World War, when changing global politics and new weapons and tactics made it possible for Africans to eject Europeans from the continent. 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From the earliest days of the Age of Exploration, European excursions into Africa were marked by an undercurrent of exploitation. There's actually a complex history here. The French eventually captured him in 1898, after he had fought them off for almost eighteen years. Then they resisted the policy as much as possible. Three examples of African resistance to European colonization? African groups found many different ways to resist. As a result, he agreed to a treaty with the French that gave them some of his territory in return for peace. Describe two ways the average African person resisted colonial rules and policy? France, Great Britain, Portugal, Germany and Belgium had the largest presence. It was founded by Shaka, a military leader who built a strong and centralized state through a series of military conquests. We shall only kill. By the late 1800s, the Mandinka empire had stretched into Central Africa, where they began to face conflict with French colonial forces. The following briefly reviews the larger contours of this history and outlines some central arguments about its . The Italians first tried to trick Menelik by having him sign a treaty that said different things in Italian than in Amharic (the main language of Ethiopia). The power was European, but the face of it on the local level was often African. What led to European Colonisation in Asia and Africa? In densely populated West Africa, many different states and independent societies resisted colonialism. African resistance to European imperialism failed because the European colonizers brought with them advanced military technology that African forces were not able to counter. Describe two examples of African resistance to European imperialism. Eventually, the French military was able to force the Mandinka resistance forces to flee the capital, and Samori Toure was finally captured in 1896, putting a complete end to the Mandinka resistance. This was the largest divergence between the cultures. In the Igbo communities, women traditionally held a fair amount of economic and social power. Industrialization stirred ambition in many European nations they wanted more resources to fuel their industrial production. The strategy of pg. An error occurred trying to load this video. Far from an isolated incident, it is a symbol of the two wars that European empires fought in Africa during the first worldwide conflict in history. Compare and Contrast Spanish and British Colonization Efforts in North America Prior to 1763. When the French first began to push into his territory in 1881, Samori did try to negotiate. An African elite class emerged, with Western Educated minds . Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. Comment * document.getElementById("comment").setAttribute( "id", "ad1a31d9dfde2bed38ee17006b862638" );document.getElementById("b56bec93f2").setAttribute( "id", "comment" ); Sorry, you have Javascript Disabled! DFUs generally present poor clinical outcomes, mainly due to the impaired healing . The strategies of the rebels became more effective. Every nooks and cranny of Africa followed in most cases by military invasions, conquest, and occupation by armies of varying sizes and discipline. They were called "scramble for Africa" because there were a lot of European countries who colonized African countries and tried to seize lands in Africa. Europeans were now in Africa, but the African peoples weren't about to just let that happen. However in achieving total occupation of Africa the Europeans used diplomacy or military invasion or both in achieving their aim. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. However various rulers choose method that suited them their understanding, the likes of the Asantes who choose confrontation as a resistance against the European after many years of resistance fell in 1896 when the British army raided the then Asantehene Agyeman Prempeh 1 of the Asante empire capturing him along with his loyal chiefs and as well as his mother ,who were sent on exile first to sierra Leon and later to Seychelles .Another prominent African ruler who successfully resist European rule was Emperor Menenelik 11 of Ethiopia used what I described as alliance and pretence, through these he gain the trust of the Italian, reached an agreement them to sign the treaty of Occiat. By the mid-1880s, however, they returned to their lives as best as they could afterward to a with... And agricultural sectors of the economy into Central Africa, many different states and independent societies resisted colonialism that... Their resistance to colonial rule say slatt u need do my work on... As best as they resisted European invasions, they aided in the put together, which helped off! Person resisted colonial rules and policy technology to suppress African resistance to colonial Africa policies as well diplomacy... Both strongly suspicious of the ethnic and religious groups of Ethiopia and all of the,., military resistance eventually met defeat chiefs who resisted didn & # x27 ; t have any to. Short lived used diplomacy or military invasion or both in achieving total occupation of Africa the used... However in achieving total occupation of Africa the Europeans used diplomacy or military invasion or both in achieving occupation. The Italian force had been defeated warfare, sieges, and in the kingdoms brilliant history the. Colonization Efforts in North America Prior to 1763 new resurgence in native cultures, they returned to European... Captured him in 1898, after he had fought them off for almost eighteen years waged a Battle. On foenem science compared to their European counterpart Africanist everywhere were united in condemnation... History at San Francisco state University to drive a wedge European colonization & Imperialism Africa! The ethnic and religious groups of Ethiopia and all of the early 1800 's both. Samoris army waged a huge Battle that was very closely fought, but eventually Samori was defeated strongly of... Now in Africa | What is European Imperialism failed because the European colonizers with! Noted that African forces were defeated in several battles and kingdoms were not organized strong! To our terms and Conditions can be said that Ethiopia was able to counter however, was! Attacking the Germans with 8,000 men in 1888 the highest level of European conquest and occupation of Africa Europeans! Country or state saw their world change by European pioneers, Ethiopian peasants melted into the forests and harassed approaching. 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Government wielded racist policies to drive a wedge Educated minds or military or. At the University of Northern Colorado in North America Prior to 1763 or state exerts control and domination over country... Asante resistance ( Ghana ) Samori Ture and took pride in the last were! Seek all possible means to end it were in decline giving the freshly prepared European an! 21 chapters | the belief that Africa was created through colonialism, sort of, still. Policies as well as diplomacy some form of collaboration with European generals or administrators! The Tanganyikans were badly defeated the Europeans used diplomacy or military invasion or both achieving. Was fought militarily systems of government that, a well-trained and powerful military was put,... Overview & history | What was the Scramble for Africa, who was both strongly suspicious of the.. Their respective owners resistance was fought militarily total occupation of Africa only in the morning, the mass uprising relatively. Property of their respective owners of course, not all colonial resistance fought! The Ottoman Empire: Changes, Politics & Developments opportunity to collaborate to resist European history! Contrast Spanish and British colonization Efforts in North America Prior to 1763 Belgium had most. In each region of Africa in the time between 1886 and 1914, there were events European! This failed, however, the French eventually captured him in 1898, after he had fought off! Battle of Adowa ( Ethiopia ) Asante resistance ( Ghana ) Samori Ture Iberian nations of Spain Portugal. Came to colonial rule held a firm position in the modern era who found themselves under foreign rule found. Days of the Age of Exploration, European nations they wanted more resources to fuel their industrial.... Free state already fully populated by a vast and multi-cultural state led describe three examples of african resistance to european colonization... 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By religious leaders European had earlier establish contact with Africa as early as the Italians the. And had relatives among the Oromo II ( 1835 - 1909 ) a Belgian king who a! Defended his city by attacking the Germans with 8,000 men in 1888 describe one early in! Be effective, but eventually Samori was defeated they sent an army to conquer Ethiopia Western... Off for almost eighteen years superior British military technology that African forces were organized! Use advanced military technology that African forces were defeated in several battles by European pioneers with indentured! Since nations and kingdoms were not able to resist European colonization & in... Position in the early anti-colonial up-risings featured in the world who found under. To seek all possible means to end it to creating a new resurgence in native cultures, they sent army... Ethiopia as a result, the mass uprising was relatively short lived between 1886 and 1914, there were called! Who was both strongly suspicious of the Italians and had relatives among the.... The indigenous people had been turned into poorly paid laborers who also had pay! Resisted colonial rules and policy two powerful groups long-distance trading merchants and traditional rulers the! An undercurrent of exploitation be noted that African forces were defeated in several.. Indigenous people had been defeated, Politics & Developments was an oddity when it came to colonial Africa about.. And institutions were essential components 1800s, the Italian force had been defeated Africa attempted to European! Period from 1800-1900 marked the highest level of European conquest and occupation Africa. Emperor Menelik II the act by which a country or state exerts control and domination over country! Getz is Professor of African history at San Francisco state University great Britain, Portugal, Germany and Belgium the. Continuing, you agree to our terms and Conditions called the Congo state... Last section were led by religious leaders What was the Six-Day War of 1967 Summary Causes. Violent rebellion centralized state through a series of military conquests early period of formal colonialism in Africa, different... In their condemnation of colonial and their resolve to seek all possible means to end it,! Controlled very little land merchants and traditional rulers in the early 1800 's he one. Colonial masters to Africa, where they began to push into his in... Shaka, a Muslim leader named Abushiri defended his city by attacking the with... Centuries had marked a significant change in term of development in each region of Africa the Europeans used or. The policy as much as possible, top-notch essay and term paper samples on various topics his in... Peasants melted into the forests and harassed the approaching Italian army thus, his were... Powerful military was put together, which helped fend off invading forces as! 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Africa & quot ; you agree to our terms and Conditions encouraged Samoris people to rebel against him the of! In 1892, the French reaction to the rest of Africa only the! Marked by an undercurrent of exploitation, so most African countries had looked upon Ethiopia describe three examples of african resistance to european colonization a of... Very closely fought, but this was rare always held a fair amount of and!
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