Flagship of Kakuta. Despite this, some detractors argued that Spruances tactics at Philippine Sea were overly cautious. Promoted to captain the following year, he departed to take the position of Chief of Staff and Aide to Commander Destroyers, Scouting Fleet in May 1933. Lt. Kabayashi leads Japanese bombers from the Hiryu to attack the USS Yorktown. Japanese Admiral and a pioneer in aircraft carrier warfare. He served as Assistant Chief of Staff under Vice admiral Philip Andrews during the period of tensions between Greece and Turkey and was decorated with the Gold Cross of the Order of the Savior by the Government of Greece for his service. [13] But in summing up Spruance's performance in the battle, Morison wrote: "Fletcher did well, but Spruance's performance was superb. Make sure to provide references and acknowledgement for any sources you use. [22] Spruance later chose the battleship USSNew Jersey as his flagship, as the huge Iowa-class battleship had both room for his staff and the speed to keep up with the fast carrier task forces. After six furious minutes, the three carriers were left burning. During WWII Italian Commandos Were Tasked to Ride Torpedoes. HistoryNet.com is brought to you by HistoryNet LLC, the worlds largest publisher of history magazines. Admiral William L. Calhoun saw him as a cold-blooded fighting fool. His seagoing career was extensive, including command of five destroyers and the battleship Mississippi. Hickman, Kennedy. The victory at Midway, meanwhile, was a tonic for American morale, which had not yet recovered from the disastrous December 7, 1941, raid on Pearl Harbor. On April 22, Task Force 58s guns and planes supported the U.S. invasion of Hollandia in Dutch New Guinea and Aitape in Australian New Guinea. From the remaining enemy carrier, Hiryu, Admiral Tamon Yamaguchi launched bombers and torpedo planes against Yorktown. He later volunteered to fly a damaged plane and was killed leading the second of Hiryu's counterattacks against the USS Yorktown. Carrier units of his force penetrated waters of the Japanese homeland and Nansei Shoto. By shortly after 9 a.m., planes from Yorktown were also on their way. This was in July 1938, and this time he was the battleships commander. He also held several engineering, intelligence, staff and Naval War College positions up to the 1940s. No detail was too small to bring these American prisoners home. Some people asked why he did not take take advantage of the chaotic scene to attack all of Japans air carriers. The most comprehensive and authoritative history site on the Internet. Akagi was lashed by bombs, which exploded torpedoes that were being loaded onto her planes, and the crew abandoned ship. On November 24, Spruance relieved Nimitz as Commander, US Pacific Fleet. Spruance was portrayed by Glenn Ford (a US Naval Reserve officer himself) in the 1976 film Midway, and by Jake Weber in the 2019 film Midway. Following the war, Spruance served as US Ambassador to the Philippines from 1952 to 1955. However, his actions were both praised and understood by the main persons ordering and directly involved in the battle. Although he broke the back of the Japanese naval air force by sinking three carriers, two oilers and destroying about 600 enemy airplanes (so many that the remaining Japanese carriers were used solely as decoys in the Battle of Leyte Gulf a few months later due to the lack of aircraft and aircrews to fly them) Spruance has been criticized for not being aggressive enough in exploiting his success in the Philippine Sea. However a second strike from Hiry would fatally cripple Fletcher's flagship, Yorktown and as a result, Fletcher passed command to Spruance, who would command the mop up phase of the battle. Japanese fleet under the direct command of Admiral Yamamoto with over 5 battleships and escort carrier Hosho. On the afternoon of June 4, 24 American dive bombersincluding 10 refugees from Yorktownscored four hits on Hiryu. Known as "island hopping," U.S. forces moved from island to island, using each as a base for capturing the next. Privacy Policy, Admiral Raymond Spruance served in US Navy during. He presided over US Forces in the Pacific during two decisive Allied victories: the Battle of Midway in 1942 and the 1944 Battle of the Philippines Sea. Spruance became Commander of the 5th Fleet in November 1943, which presented him with command of the Central Pacific Forces. It faced a Japanese invasion fleet organized into two groups: the air-attack task force of four carriers with support ships under command of Admiral Chichi Nagumo, and the surface and occupation forces under Admiral Nobutake Kond and others. Shortly before his retirement, Spruance received the following Letter of Commendation from the Secretary of the Navy: Your brilliant record of achievement in World War II played a decisive part in our victory in the Pacific. ThoughtCo. help him spread the Gospel?Here is your goal for this assignment:Write a report discussing how education can be a key ingredient of effective ministryIn a report of 250-500 words, i.e., one-half to one-page, provide at least three ways in which Paul's education helped him to be more effective in his ministry. He never did things the same way twice. The gallant carrier was crippled but nearly succeeded in reaching safety before torpedoes from Japanese submarine I-68 finally sank her three days later. But several hours laternear the end of daylight hoursa U.S. scout plane located Hiry again. Two years later, Spruance again received orders for the Naval War College and taught on the staff until April 1938. Admiral William L. Calhoun saw him as a cold-blooded fighting fool. For exceptionally meritorious service During the Midway engagement which resulted in the defeat of and heavy losses to the enemy fleet, his seamanship, endurance, and tenacity in handling his task force were of the highest quality., (Citation on Rear Admiral Spruances Navy Distinguished Service Medal, awarded for his conduct at the Battle of Midway). For the main Midway assault, the Japanese force consisted of the main battle fleet under Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, composed of three battleships, a light carrier and a destroyer screen; Admiral Chuichi Nagumos combined fleet of two battleships, two heavy cruisers, destroyers and four fleet carriers carrying more than 250 aircraft; and an invasion task force led by Admiral Nobutake Kondo, consisting of a dozen transport ships carrying 5,000 troops, closely supported by four heavy cruisers, two battleships and a light carrier; and a three-cordon submarine force intended to neutralize U.S. countermoves. When she went to sea in 1916, he went with her. So the US navy had a good idea of what to expect from the Japanese fleet and how to counterattack it. Provide at least two examples.Certain lessons in New Testament Survey, as well as outside sources, may be of help to you as you write your report. Japanese naval force tasked with the invasion of the Aleutian Islands under Vice Admiral Kakuta with aircraft carriers Junyo and Ryuho. Naval Academy in 1906 and received further education in electrical engineering a few years later. He envied no one, rivaled no man, won the respect of almost everyone with whom he came in contact, and went ahead in his quiet way, winning victories for his country.When we come to the admirals who commanded at sea, and who directed a great battle, there was no one to equal Spruance. Kwajalein was in American hands, but the rest of the Marshalls groupabout 30 islands and more than 800 reefs scattered over hundreds of miles of oceanremained to be dealt with. [12] Spruance assumed command of Task Force 16 with its two carriers, USSEnterprise and USSHornet, under battle command of Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher. With it he intended to significantly expand the Imperial Japanese Navy's outer defense perimeter across the central Pacific; and, he believed, this very powerful stroke against Midway would so severely threaten Hawaii and Pearl Harbor that the U.S. government would be induced to sue for peace. Biographies, 20th century collection, Navy Department Library, Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath, Spruance, Raymond A. Raymond Ames Spruance (July 3, 1886 December 13, 1969) was a United States Navy admiral during World War II. Biographies, 20th century collection, Navy Department Library. Known for his calm in moments of crisis, Admiral Spruance became one of the U.S. Navy's largest assets in World War II. erful leader. Aboard the Japanese flattops, many torpedo-carrying planes were waiting for fighters to take off as the American planes dived. He was dragged out of his flagship Akagi before it sank against his will. Spruance himself directed a task group of battleships, cruisers and destroyers that left the main body to go after Japanese ships that were fleeing Truk, sinking the light cruiser Katori and destroyer Maikaze. In August 1943 Spruance was placed in command of the Central Pacific Force, which, on April 29, 1944, was redesignated as the Fifth Fleet. Morisons text refers to Spruance, victor at Midway. Meanwhile, his search planes found no sign of any American warships. Furthermore, Spruance ordered that the air squadrons fly directly to their targets before assembling every squadron into a proper formation, gambling that the attacks would leave the enemy carriers in disarray and delay the launching of their own counterstrike. Notwithstanding their different personalities, Spruance and Halsey were close friends. Spruance is depicted as the controversial victor of Midway by G. D. Spradlin in the 1988 TV miniseries War and Remembrance. After these victories, Spruance went back to Pearl Harbour to assist with planning Japans invasion. My personal congratulations. They find and score 3 hits on the USS Yorktown, but also sustain heavy losses. It was bombed by dive bombers from the Enterprise and as scuttled shortly after Nagumo was forced by his staff to evacuate. Naval History and Heritage Command, "Biography of Raymond A. Spruance Press Release July 24, 1941, United States Navy Department", "Adm Spruance's Fitrep after Battle of Midway", Citation, Navy Cross, Raymond A. Spruance, "Admiral Raymond Ames Spruance America's Navy", "News Release: Navy Names Two New Guided Missile Destroyers", "War & Remembrance (Part 3) (May 26 July 25, 1942)", "War & Remembrance (Part 3) (May 26 July 25, 1942) 1988", Pacific Crucible: War at Sea in the Pacific, 19411942, The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 19421944, Twilight of the Gods: War in the Western Pacific, 19441945, United States Ambassadors to the Philippines, Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raymond_A._Spruance&oldid=1137739908, Ambassadors of the United States to the Philippines, High Commissioners of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army), Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States), Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, Articles with dead external links from July 2022, Articles with dead external links from December 2020, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 6 February 2023, at 05:43. Ambassador to the Philippines in 1952-55. During the joint operations leading to the assault and capture of the important enemy bases, complete integration of Army and Navy units was accomplished under his outstanding leadership, enabling all the forces to perform their closely co-ordinated missions with outstanding success.[24]. Admiral Chester W. Nimitz,, Commander in Chief, Pacific, (right) and, Admiral Raymond Spruance, Commander, Central Pacific Force, (center) Tour Kwajalein Island, Marshalls, February 5,1944, following its capture. Raymond Ames Spruance (July 3, 1886 - December 13, 1969) was a United States Navy admiral during World War II. Aircraft carrier that served as the flagship of Task Force 17 and Admiral Fletcher. Spruance succeeded Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz as Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet and Pacific Ocean Areas in November 1945, a few months after the end of the war. Halsey was aggressive and a risk taker. Lieutenant in command of the USS Yorktown air group. Midway bought the United States valuable time until the new Essex-class fleet carriers became available at the end of the year. Historian Morison later described Spruances performance at Midway as superb. The following year, the new admiral was ordered to the Pacific. It was interesting work, but I wouldnt want to do it for a living. The correct answer to this open question is the following. Raymond A. Spruance emerged from the battle one of the greatest admirals in American naval history". Commanded the first Japanese air strike against Midway Island at the beginning of the battle. With the battleship's completion, Spruance joined its crew and remained aboard until November 1917. He disliked personal publicity and had a reputation for freezing reporters who invaded his privacy. Above all, Midway was the turning point that heralded the ultimate defeat of Japan. The US intelligence services could predict the way the Japanese carriers and planes would be approaching the battle. World War II: Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher, World War II: Battle of the Philippine Sea. These attacks were followed by a raid against Marcus Island. That same year he received a new assignment: assistant machinery inspector at the Newport News, Va., dry dock, where the battleship Pennsylvania was being outfitted. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. The Japanese navy could never accept this catastrophic loss. A number of torpedo squadrons from the airfields and carriers launch attacks on the Japanese carriers but score no hits and almost all planes involved were shot down. Admiral Spruances last campaigns were the invasions of Iwo Jima and Okinawa, and he was awarded the Navy Cross for extraordinary heroism. Historian Samuel Eliot Morison believed he was one of the greatest fighting and thinking admirals in American naval history. Admiral Nimitz praised Spruance for a remarkable job. In one incident a distraught officer rushed to report, "Captain, we've just dropped a depth charge over the stern!" [27], Spruance was an active man who thought nothing of walking eight or 10 miles a day. However, Spruances fleet was also charged with guarding the amphibious landings at Saipan and Tinian. From there, he went on to graduate from the U.S. 7 reviews. "World War II: Admiral Raymond Spruance." When Yorktown was struck at Midway, however, Fletcher transferred his flag to the cruiser Astoria and placed Spruance tactically in charge. But his service was not yet finished. History is who we are and why we are the way we are.. The gloomy reports from Nagumo and his other commanders led Yamamoto to suspend his assault on Midway. Lieutenant aboard the Hiryu who led and was killed during the first Japanese counterattack after the sinking of 3 Japanese aircraft carriers. After another three-year tour at the Naval War College, Spruance was again ordered to sea aboard Mississippi. After his flagship, the IJN Hiryu, was fatally damaged, he and the Hiryu's captain Tomeo Kaku locked themselves in the bridge and went down with their ship. The U.S. casualties were 199 planes, 128 flight personnel and damage to four warships. The Navy honored Spruance by giving his name to a new class of 30 destroyers, the first of which, USS Spruance, was launched in 1973. The Saipan campaign began with air attacks on June 10, 1944. In June 1942 the United States and Japan fought for control of Midway Island in the South Pacific. Historian Samuel Eliot Morison believed he was one of the greatest fighting and thinking admirals in American naval history. The Eastern Orthodox Church developed from the church in Constantinople. The Japanese had been battered for weeks by aerial bombardment, and knew the invasion was imminent. Because of gaps in the search patterns flown by the Japanese, the American carriers were able to approach unseen. Hickman, Kennedy. The Japanese intercepted this and soon started sending messages that "AF was short on water. Spruance was put in command of Task Force 16, which included two carriers: USS Enterprise and USS Hornet, and was instrumental in the decisive US victory in the Battle of Midway. "Well, pick it up and put it back," was Spruance's measured response.[8]. While one was at sea, the other would be planning their next operation. Fletcher would command Task Force 17, but the task force flag ship, USSYorktown, had been badly damaged at the Battle of the Coral Sea and the formation's other carrier, Lexington, had been sunk, but at Nimitz's behest Yorktown was patched-repaired in "rush" time purposefully to join the Midway operation.[11]. The Iwo Jima and Okinawa actions lasted from January to May 1945, and in August the Japanese surrendered. He was decorated with Order of Leopold and Croix de guerre with Palm by the Government of Belgium for his service for the Allied cause.[26]. Locating the Japanese carriers as they were rearming and refueling their aircraft, American bombers inflicted massive damage and sank three. Five days after the Marshalls campaign, Spruance sent the Mitscher force to attack Tinian and Saipan in the Mariana Islands. This saw him win a victory at Battle of the Philippine Sea in June 1944 as part of the Allied "island-hopping" campaign across the Pacific. Bombs destroyed the bridge of Kaga and set her ablaze from stem to stern. He was uniquely modest and candid about himself all his life. He remained in the position only briefly as he accepted a posting as President of the Naval War College on February 1, 1946. (. During the Midway engagement which resulted in the defeat of and heavy losses to the enemy fleet, his seamanship, endurance, and tenacity in handling his task force were of the highest quality. Admiral Spruance commanded with deadly precision, reported an observer.[20]. As the war progressed, Spruance became one of two primary fleet commanders, the other being Admiral William "Bull" Halsey, employed by Admiral Chester W. Nimitz. He was then 55. The Battle of Midway was a turning point in the Pacific War. This occurred at the same time that Admiral Turner's forces were attacking Eniwetok Atoll in the Marshalls, about 700 miles to the east. Commanding the battleship for nearly two years, Spruance was aboard when World War II began in Europe. Leaving, he assumed command of USS Mississippi. At the crucial Battle of Midway, your daring and skilled leadership routed the enemy in the full tide of his advance and established the pattern of air-sea warfare which was to lead to his eventual capitulation. While in that capacity he assumed additional duty as a member of the board on doctrine of aircraft in connection with fleet fire control. Spruance's first duty assignment was aboard the battleship USSIowa, an 11,400 ton veteran of the SpanishAmerican War. Its commanding officers Admiral Yamaguchi and the ship's captain both stayed aboard their ship. It's commanding officer, Captain Yanagimoto, volunteered to stay aboard and go down with his ship. The slow-moving Devastators were easy targets for the Japanese gunners and Mitsubishi A6M2 Zero fighters, and all 15 were shot down. Moving forward in mid-1944, Spruance embarked on a campaign in the Marianas Islands. He did not discuss his private life, feelings, prejudices, hopes or fears, except with his family and his closest friends. Before the Battle of the Coral Sea on 7-8 May 1942, the Imperial Navy of Japan had swept aside all of its enemies from the Pacific and Indian oceans. As the island-hopping campaign began, MacArthur continued his . Then followed two years as assistant chief of staff to the commander of naval forces in Europe; a year of study at the Naval War College in Newport, R.I., where he completed the senior course; and two years of duty in the Office of Naval Intelligence. The Americans were gravely outnumbered by the lurking enemy armada. Critical for the defense of Hawaii, the commander of the US Pacific Fleet, Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, intended to dispatch Halsey to block the enemy thrust. Samuel Eliot Morison agreed: Power of decision and coolness in action were perhaps Spruances leading characteristics. He was responsible for leading the 5th Fleet into the pivotal Battle of the Philippines Sea, nicknamed the 'Great Marianas Turkey Shoot' because a total of 365 Japanese planes were brought down. Four fleet carriers and the heavy cruiser Mikuma were sunk; a cruiser, three destroyers, an oiler and a battleship were damaged. https://www.thoughtco.com/admiral-raymond-spruance-2360511 (accessed March 1, 2023). The US intelligence services could predict the way the Japanese carriers and planes would be approaching the battle. That December he was elevated to rear admiral, and in February 1940 he was placed in command of the 10th Naval District (Caribbean), with his headquarters in San Juan, Puerto Rico. A. Desegregation of Society The defenders fought fiercely but were unable to inflict any damage on the U.S. vessels. In 1916 he aided in the fitting out of the battleship Pennsylvania and he served on board her from her commissioning in June 1916 until November 1917. That same month, he directed Operation Hailstone which saw American carrier aircraft repeatedly strike the Japanese base at Truk. Having attained the rank of commander, Spruance attended the Senior Course at the Naval War College in July 1926. Always calm, always at peace with himself, Spruance had that ability which marks the great captain to make correct estimates and the right decisions in a fluid battle situation. British Royal Navy units helped support the landings. It was the only aircraft carrier in the presence of Midway Island to survive the dive bomber attack and launched two and a half waves of planes against the United States Navy. Determining that New Mexico was not too badly damaged to remain on station Spruance kept her as his flagship for the rest of the campaign. [citation needed]. 6 (June 1955): 658-659. Then Nagumo was dumbfounded to receive a search planes report of 10 enemy ships to the northeast, where no U.S. ships were supposed to be. Before Midway, a small and fractional U.S. Navy faced an overwhelmingly larger and battle-hardened Japanese Combined Fleet. US Naval Task force under Raymond Spruance with 2 carriers, Enterprise and Hornet. Spruance was awarded the Navy Distinguished Service Medal for his service at Midway. On 6 December 1941 Pearl Harbor was attacked by Japanese bombers and America was swept into World War Two. His wife, Margaret Dean (18881985), is buried alongside him, as are Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz, his longtime friend Admiral Richmond K. Turner, and Admiral Charles A. Lockwood, an arrangement made by all of them while living. It was spotted by scouts from the USS Hornet and destroyed by planes from the Enterprise. In July 1941, his responsibilities were expanded to include oversight of the Caribbean Sea Frontier. Photograph Courtesy of the US Naval History & Heritage Command. Just before the planned invasion of Midway island in June 1942, Halsey suddenly became ill with shingles. In January 1945, Spruance resumed command of the fleet and began moving against Iwo Jima. He presided over US Forces in the Pacific during two decisive Allied victories: the Battle of Midway in 1942 and the 1944 Battle of the Philippines Sea. B. . World War II: Admiral Raymond Spruance. The young, ambitious officer was then assigned to Bainbridge, U.S. destroyer No. Advertisement Still have questions? In June 1931, Spruance returned to Newport, RI to serve on the staff of the Naval War College. Yet because of his modest, retiring nature, Spruance was never a popular hero in the manner of Admirals Nimitz, William F. Halsey and Marc A. Mitscher. He loved to show them to visitors. Admiral Raymond Spruance served in US Navy during World War Two. These raids were critical to moralesetting a new tone of aggressiveness by U.S. commanders while providing invaluable battle experience for the commanders and sailors of the U.S. 108 planes under Juichi Tomanaga bomb and strafe Midway. When I look at myself objectively, he wrote in retirement, I think that what success I may have achieved through life is largely due to the fact that I am a good judge of men. They follow returning American pilots and damage the Yorktown, but receiving more than 50% casualties. >On March 29, 1944, Admiral Spruance took tactical command of a three-pronged assault against the Palau Islands, 550 miles east of the Philippines, and against Yap Island and Ulithi Atoll in the western Carolines. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. The two admirals presented a contrast in styles as Spruance tended to be quiet and meticulous while Halsey was brash and more impetuous. Following a stint aboard USS Cincinnati, Spruance was made commander of the destroyer USS Bainbridge in March 1913 with the rank of lieutenant (junior grade). Spruance was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal, and in May 1943 he was promoted to vice admiral. In April, Nimitz divided command of the Central Pacific Force between Spruance and Halsey. When not in command of the fleet the admirals, and their staffs, were based at Pearl Harbor and planned future operations. Yorktown and Task Force 17 were under the command of Rear Adm. Frank Jack Fletcher. If this happened, it would enable the Japanese to pinch the Americans between their two carrier forces. Mounting a tenacious defense, the Japanese held out for over a month. Midway Island sent a false message stating that its water distillation plant had been damaged and that the base needed fresh water. the prospects for its inclusion in doctrine The logical starting point is Admiral Chester Nimitz's famous "letter of instruction" (actually, of course, transmitted . The setback in the Japanese timetable to encircle the Pacific gave the U.S. industrial machine time to crank up war production, and ultimately, to turn the advantage on Japan in the production of ships, planes, guns, and all the other matriel of war. Michio Kobayashi At that time, Admiral Nimitz instituted a unique arrangement in which the command of the vessels which made up the "Big Blue Fleet" alternated between Admiral William Halsey Jr., at which time it was identified as the Third Fleet and Task Force 38, and Admiral Spruance, when it became the Fifth Fleet and Task Force 58. [32] Wouk writes in his book that "Spruance escaped [the Japanese fleet admiral] Yamamoto's terrible trap by acting on perfect military instinct. For more great articles subscribe to World War II magazine today! [7], Spruance served in Washington until early 1924, when he was ordered to the headquarters, Commander Naval Force in Europe. [2] He emerged from the war as one of the greater admirals in American naval history. In May 1942, intelligence suggested that the Japanese were planning on assaulting Midway Island. With their 233 planes and crews at the ready, the three U.S. flattops were stationed well north of Midway, out of sight of enemy reconnaissance planes. Fit into his 70s, Spruance spent most of his retirement days wearing old khakis and work shoes and working in his garden and greenhouse; he loved to show them to visitors. Midway by G. D. Spradlin in the battle one of the year 5th fleet November! Is who we are do it for a living any American warships, intelligence, and! 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With over 5 battleships and escort carrier Hosho accessed March 1, 2023 ) was awarded Navy. Quot ; AF was short on water into World War II, hopes or fears except..., 24 American dive bombersincluding 10 refugees from Yorktownscored four hits on Hiryu Navy Department Library promoted to Vice.. Admiral William L. Calhoun saw him as a cold-blooded fighting fool 1942 the United States and fought. With command of Rear Adm. Frank Jack Fletcher landings at Saipan and Tinian knew! Stem to stern greater admirals in American Naval history crew and remained aboard November. Naval War College, Spruance served as US Ambassador to the Philippines from 1952 to 1955 a member of SpanishAmerican. Https: //www.thoughtco.com/admiral-raymond-spruance-2360511 ( accessed March 1, 2023 ) was aboard the Hiryu led.
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