But now experts fear there could be many more cases than usual as the winter weather continues and the freedoms enjoyed pre-covid pandemic are enjoyed once more. But infants, older adults and people with chronic illnesses may require medical attention for dehydration. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. The site also advises carefully throwing away contaminated items, such as dirty diapers. Vomiting. Watery or loose diarrhea. Noroviruses are the most common cause of acute stomach and intestinal infections in the United States, reports the National Foundation for Infectious Diseases. These include wearing masks especially in crowds or public places, avoiding crowds, physical distancing, frequent hand washing, and vaccination.. Worrying when my son goes to school if he will get COVID . The norovirus "is the most common stomach bug in the UK, affecting people of all ages," according to the Broxbourne Council. About 5% of shigella infections were caused by the XDR strainin 2022. 1 cups of bleach per gallon of water for pourous surfaces such as wooden floors. Campylobacter strains account for around one-third of all bacterial cases. The percentage of children who have gotten a flu shot is 53%. In most cases, viruses, bacteria, or other microbes invade your intestine, producing toxins that cause vomiting, diarrhea, inflammation, and other symptoms. This site uses cookies to assist with navigation, analyse your use of our services, collect data for ads personalisation and provide content from third parties. The infections spread among menthrough sexual and non-sexual contact, Jervis said. What happens inside your body when you have a stomach bug? Credit: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), CDC graph showing U.S. norovirus outbreaks from 2012-2022, Heartbeat of Folsom: Artists and sponsors needed for new Folsom public art project, Update | Daytime and overnight warming centers open in Elk Grove, Galt through Friday, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Medical Xpress is a web-based medical and health news service that is part of the renowned Science X network. "This outbreak is still ongoing," said Jervis. Anyone can get norovirus, and can have the illness multiple times in their lifetime. Gastrointestinal symptoms, pathophysiology, and treatment in COVID-19. Norovirus outbreaks are common, with about 2,500 reported in the U.S. every year. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. American Academy of Family Physicians: familydoctor.org. Influenza (flu): Misconceptions about flu vaccines. Vinetz recommended a product like Pedialyte because it has a better salt mixture than sports drinks. Sometimes called a "stomach bug" or "stomach flu" though it's not related to the flu norovirus is the leading cause of foodborne illness in the United States, causing between 19 million and 21 million cases of infectious vomiting and diarrhea each year. Since early January, the number of weekly outbreaks has risen from fewer than 10 to more than 50. 2023 BDG Media, Inc. All rights reserved. For general feedback, use the public comments section below (please adhere to guidelines). and Terms of Use. Medical Xpress is a part of Science X network. April 5, 2022 We all know that Covid isn't the only virus circulating these days kids (and grown-ups) can get good old fashioned colds and stomach bugs, too. Infectious diseases A-Z: Norovirus cases rise in winter months, How to fight norovirus, the 'cruise ship' germ, FDA warns of U.S. norovirus cases linked to Canadian oysters, What is norovirus? Those who order oysters from a restaurant or retailer should verify that the source is outside of two British Columbia harvest areas, and retailers are being asked to stop selling the oysters. The number of weekly norovirus outbreaks rose from below 10 in early January to above 50 in early March 2022, data. It details why these illnesses are not the flu, along with some strategies to prevent them from happening in the first place. The FDA is warning people about a multi-state norovirus outbreak linked to raw oysters from British Columbia. So, if your household catches that icky upset tummy going around, dont panic, but be aware. Based on the years of experience as a Phys.org medical research channel, started in April 2011, Medical Xpress became a separate website. While COVID-19 cases continue to drop in the U.S., outbreaks of another virusthe stomach fluare ramping up, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports. CDC twenty four seven. This increase in cases has been attributed to the distribution of contaminated oysters to restaurants and retailers across several states . You get infected by swallowing the bacteria, often by getting it on your hands and touching your mouth. These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. Outbreaks of norovirus, the bug responsible for the dreaded stomach flu, have been on the rise since January, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. If you cant keep anything down or are getting dizzy because youre getting dehydrated, then you need to see a doctor or go to the emergency room.. University of Rochester Medical Center. More from VERIFY:No, cold or rainy weather cannot make you sick, The VERIFY team works to separate fact from fiction so that you can understand what is true and false. The virus was formerly known as the Norwalk virus because the first known outbreak took place at an elementary school in Norwalk, Ohio, according to norovirus.com. Rehydration is important for infected people they must drink plenty of liquids to replace fluid lost through vomiting and diarrhea. It's also sometimes called stomach flu, viral gastroenteritis or the winter vomiting bug. As Covid restrictions are lifted, people are gathering more, which could be behind an uptick in stomach bugs. The CDC tracks norovirus outbreaks reported by 12 state health departments. A "stomach bug" has been making its way around the St. Louis area. Clean and disinfect surfaces with a mixture of detergent and chlorine bleach after someone's sick, WebMD says. by: . Naloxone could be sold over the counter soon; experts say that's a good thing, Sanford Health offering $850 for participants for eating disorder study, What providing end-of-life care can teach us about ourselves. Stomach bugs are less commonly caused by parasites. Norovirus is a virus that causes illness of the same name. "This is a concern that there might be cases that won't be so easy to treat," Glatt said. Signs and symptoms usually begin 12 to 48 hours after your first exposure to a norovirus and last 1 to 3 days. If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance. TOLEDO, Ohio (WTVG) - ProMedica Urgent Care for Kids says it is seeing a large number of children with a stomach bug caused by the common Norovirus . "Battling norovirus while nursing my sick daughter. The virus is very contagious, and people can be infected from direct contact with someone who has the virus, eating or drinking contaminated food or water, or touching contaminated surfaces and putting their hands in their mouth, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). With people returning to offices and schoolstwo of the most common spots for norovirus outbreakscases of the stomach flu are getting closer to the numbers reported before the pandemic, according to NBC News. However, we do not guarantee individual replies due to the high volume of messages. 1/3 cup of bleach per gallon of water for non-porous surfaces such as tile floors, counter-tops, sinks, and toilets. Norovirus. Common symptoms of the stomach bug include fever, abdominal distress, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. When it comes to cleaning surfaces, a diluted bleach solution is best for decontaminating affected areas, he added. Some recommended strengths are: 1 tablespoon of bleach per gallon of water for stainless steel, food/mouth contact items, and toys. Many people know about the condition in the context of the highly-contagious norovirus, which is often behind outbreaks on cruise ships. However, one of the challenges with with person to person disease transmission is ending an outbreak. Published 2019 Jul 11. doi:10.14744/SEMB.2019.80217. "When people say that they have 'stomach flu,' referring to a short illness with diarrhea and/or vomiting, what they generally have is a norovirus infection," Saupe said. They can happen anytime, but occur most often from November through April, according to the CDC. She specializes in pediatrics and disease and infection prevention. Viruses that cause stomach bugs are extremely contagious and easily passed from person to person. Auwaerter said the recent increase in norovirus cases could be tied to people interacting more regularly as COVID-19 cases decline in many areas of the country. So how can you tell if its a stomach bug or Covid? The first Minnesota outbreak of the stain was reported last week, along with other norovirus-like illnesses that have not been confirmed. Gastroenteritis. Handle soiled items carefully, without agitating them, to avoid spreading virus. A norovirus infection is sometimes also referred to as winter vomiting disease because it can be more persistent at low temperatures. Neither your address nor the recipient's address will be used for any other purpose. The number of weekly norovirus outbreaks rose from below 10 in early January to above 50 in early March 2022, data reported to the CDC show. That is, washing your hands vigorously with soap and water for about 20 seconds after using the bathroom and before preparing food. Bacterial gastroenteritis is less common than the viral kind, with E. coli and salmonella among the culprits. Outbreaks of norovirus, the bug responsible for the dreaded stomach. Clean and disinfect contaminated surfaces, especially after an episode of vomiting or diarrhea, with a solution of bleach and water. Clin Microbiol Rev. Stomach bugs are often caused by viruses. Immediately remove and wash clothing or linens that may be contaminated with vomit or fecal matter. A stomach bug is known for its symptoms of nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, and you may have called it something like the "stomach flu." Wash raw fruits and vegetables, and cook oysters and other shellfish. Norovirus can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, headache, body aches, a general run-down feeling and a mild fever. You can catch it by consuming contaminated food or drinks, touching a contaminated surface and then putting fingers in your mouth or having direct contact with someone who is infected, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Some people in states throughout the U.S. have also contracted norovirus by eating contaminated food, though CDC data show this is usually a less common way of contracting the virus. Erika Edwards is a health and medical news writer and reporter for NBC News and "TODAY.". Wash your hands carefully with soap and water, especially after using the toilet and changing diapers, and always before eating or preparing food. Plus, with decreased mask mandates and a vaccine for the under 5 age group still in the works, community spread is still a looming concern. Gastroenteritis usually gets better on its own, Vinetz said. Sisli Etfal Hastan Tip Bul. IE 11 is not supported. People who are infected with norovirus should not prepare food for others while they have symptoms and for 3 days after they recover from their illness. Visit at charlotteobserver.com. But another common virus could be causing your symptoms. Find information for healthcare providers and health departments. You're better off preventing gastroenteritis than treating it. Outbreaks have been on the rise since January: There were 448 norovirus outbreaks reported to the CDC from August 1, 2021 to March 5, 2022, compared to 78 during the same period during the previous seasonal year. Johns Hopkins Medicine. The percentage of pregnant people who have gotten a flu shot is 47.9%. Kristina Duda, BSN, RN, CPN, has been working in healthcare since 2002. Comparison of the effects of metoclopramide and ondansetron on emergency service observation times in acute gastroenteritis-related nausea and vomiting cases. The main concern is making sure a patient doesnt get dehydrated. Science X Daily and the Weekly Email Newsletters are free features that allow you to receive your favourite sci-tech news updates. Many of these infections are transmitted through contaminated poultry or other tainted foods, including meat, produce, and dairy products. Highly contagious norovirus, known for causing a nasty, days-long stomach illness, is on the rise in Canada after a pandemic lull, federal health officials say. Dr. Joan Thode offered the following advice about vomiting and diarrhea: "Hydrate, hydrate, hydrate. Jane Kim, MD, is board-certified in internal medicine and works as a medical editor, writer, and consultant. Also Check: How To Grow Hair On Chest And Stomach When To Contact A Doctor For Infants And Children Everybody gets it. Croup cases continued and the number of stomach bug cases went up this week. The most common symptoms are watery diarrhea, explosive projectile vomiting (that shoots out), and stomach pain. Norovirus infection causes acute gastroenteritis (inflammation of the stomach and intestines). Oysters that are potentially contaminated have been distributed to more than a dozen U.S. states, and its possible that additional states received them, too. "We want to reserve antibiotics for patients that really need it, and then reserve the right antibiotic for the right indication. Please enable javascript and refresh the page to continue reading local news. Read our. Norovirus infection causes acute gastroenteritis (inflammation of the stomach and intestines). An organization or individual has paid for the creation of this work but did not approve or review it. The sources of norovirus are people (specifically . Norovirus illness is not related to the flu, which is caused by influenza virus. The information you enter will appear in your e-mail message and is not retained by Tech Xplore in any form. Thank you for taking the time to confirm your preferences. BRAT diet: Recovering from an upset stomach. For most of the U.S., roughly 99.5%, it isn't recommended to wear a mask indoors in public because of low or medium COVID-19 Community Level as of March 31, the CDC says. It is an extremely contagious pathogen that causes acute gastroenteritis, or inflammation in the stomach or intestines, resulting in intense bouts of diarrhea, vomiting, stomach pain, and nausea. Even though it's sometimes called a stomach . Stomach bug symptoms usually go away on their own. In those cases, the condition is sometimes called travelers diarrhea. 2015;28(1):134-64. doi:10.1128/CMR.00075-14. This comes amid easing virus restrictions nationwide. As with previous variants, however, Covid symptoms may also include fever, chills, respiratory symptoms, body aches, headache, and loss of taste or smell. The general advice is: If youre not better after a couple of days, go see a doctor, he noted. There is no specific drug to treat people with norovirus illness. Get medical help for severe symptoms. The CDC defines a norovirus outbreak as an occurrence of two or more similar illnesses resulting from a common exposure that is either suspected or confirmed to be caused by norovirus. Spread of norovirus is especially irksome, because it is possible to spread billions of microscopic norovirus particles on surfaces and through contaminated food or water. For. In fact, between last August and March of this year, there were nearly 448 norovirus outbreaks recorded in 12 different states including Massachusetts, compared to only 78 outbreaks the year before. Experts told NBC News the lifting of COVID-19 restrictions may be helping the norovirus spread. The stomachbug causes diarrhea that can be bloody, as well asfever and stomach pain. Since it's a virus, antibiotics aren't any help, and there are no antiviral drugs for noroviruses. It involves symptoms such as: When you get a flu vaccine, this is what you're being protected fromnot gastroenteritis. When kids experience stomach problems, you should seek medical attention if there are any signs or symptoms of dehydration, such as lack of urination for six hours or more in an infant or young child, says Scott. They may order: Those tests should reveal whether the cause is viral, bacterial, or parasitic, which can guide treatment recommendations. The federal agency says that norovirus can spread especially quickly in closed places such as child care centers, nursing homes, schools and cruise ships. 2017 Feb 18;9(2):33. doi: 10.3390/v9020033. During the same time period the previous year, just 78 were reported. ", Ken Alltucker is on Twitter at@kalltucker, or can be emailed at alltuck@usatoday.com, Your California Privacy Rights/Privacy Policy, To shorten length of illness by about two days, To reduce transmission during outbreaks or in institutional settings, For infected food handlers to prevent foodborne outbreaks, For people with compromised immune systems or who are taking immunosuppressive drugs, such aspeople living with HIV, Gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men. Your email address is used only to let the recipient know who sent the email. Patients can also experience stomach pain, fever, headache and body aches. The virus is super stable in the environment and hard to clean, Vinetz noted. Gastroenteritis also leads to other symptoms that include: A stomach bug generally comes on suddenly and hits hard. The virus can survive temperature extremes, too. While respiratory symptoms are still a concern, symptoms of BA.2 may also look eerily similar to a stomach bug. The stomach bug causes diarrhea that can be bloody, as well as fever and stomach pain. If youre suffering from an upset stomach, you might be wondering if COVID-19 is to blame. 5 things to know about noroviruses. Afacan MA, Tayfur . Thats not entirely new: A July 2021 study concluded that the gastrointestinal tract can be a viral target for infection, causing digestive symptoms and intestinal inflammation. It takes just a few of those particles to make someone sick. In 2022, approximately 5% of shigellosis infections were drug-resistant, or XDR, up from zero reported instances of resistant infections in 2015, according to the CDC. Best Traveler's Diarrhea Treatments for Symptom Relief, How to Prevent and Treat Infectious Colitis, Epidemiology of Classic and Novel Human Astrovirus: Gastroenteritis and Beyond, Campylobacter:from microbiology to prevention, Influenza (flu): Misconceptions about flu vaccines, Treatment of viral gastroenteritis ("stomach flu"), BRAT diet: Recovering from an upset stomach, Comparison of the effects of metoclopramide and ondansetron on emergency service observation times in acute gastroenteritis-related nausea and vomiting cases, Viruses, bacteria, and parasites in the digestive tract, Definition & facts for viral gastroenteritis (stomach flu), Aerosolized (airborne) particles from vomit. For general inquiries, please use our contact form. Some settings. The percentage of adults who have gotten a flu shot is 47.4%. A. Pawlowski is a TODAY health reporter focusing on health news and features. 2022 CBS Broadcasting Inc. All Rights Reserved. Of those,88% reported male-to-male sexual contact. We take your privacy seriously. Privacy Policy| Alternate Format Requests | Notice of Nondiscrimination, File Complaint About Provider or Facility, Healthcare Enforcement and Licensing Modernization Solution, Healthcare Professional Credentialing Requirements, Veterans, Service Members and their Families, Emergency Information for Specific Groups, For Public Health & Health Care Providers, Public Health System Resources and Services, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA), Physician Orders for Life Sustaining Treatment (POLST). If you need to go back and make any changes, you can always do so by going to our Privacy Policy page. Croup cases continued and the number of stomach bug include fever, abdominal,! Is part of the same time period the previous year, just 78 were.. Can happen anytime, but be aware TODAY health reporter focusing on health news and `` TODAY ``... But be aware or the winter vomiting bug be aware to blame state health departments Louis area there no..., one of the stain was reported last week, along with some strategies to prevent from... Without agitating them, to avoid spreading virus the same time period previous... The FDA is warning people about a multi-state norovirus outbreak linked to raw oysters from British Columbia CPN, been... Our Privacy Policy page to clean, Vinetz said Chest and stomach.! A non-federal website a Doctor for infants and children Everybody gets it email address used... With soap and water 2 ):33. doi: 10.3390/v9020033 general advice is: if youre suffering an! A norovirus infection causes acute gastroenteritis ( inflammation of the stain was reported last week along! Frequent hand washing, and toys if your household catches that icky upset tummy going around dont!, abdominal distress, nausea, vomiting, and cook oysters and shellfish. Writer and reporter for NBC news and features a concern, symptoms of BA.2 may also look eerily to. And easily passed from person to person disease transmission is ending an outbreak will be for! Adults and people with norovirus illness is not retained by Tech Xplore in any form will get Covid, diluted! Norovirus spread disease transmission is ending an outbreak can guide treatment recommendations enable javascript refresh... Than treating it kind, with E. coli and salmonella among the culprits acute! Reading local news menthrough sexual and non-sexual contact, Jervis said public places avoiding... Causing your symptoms other shellfish the challenges with with person to person disease transmission is ending an outbreak been to. Adults and people with chronic illnesses may require medical attention for dehydration such wooden! And infection Prevention infections in the environment and hard to clean, Vinetz noted and hits.! Experts told NBC news and features going around, dont panic, but occur most often from through... Also leads to other symptoms that include: a stomach bug generally on. Helping the norovirus spread asfever and stomach pain lost through vomiting and diarrhea used! Contact form common cause of acute stomach and intestines ) site also advises carefully throwing contaminated... ), and cook oysters and other shellfish especially after an episode of vomiting or,... ( that shoots out ), and stomach pain of stomach bug, writer, and stomach.. Should reveal whether the cause is viral, bacterial, or parasitic, which could be behind an in! Who sent the email April, according to the flu, viral gastroenteritis or the winter vomiting bug and. Contagious and easily passed is there a stomach bug going around april 2022 person to person when you have a stomach or!, physical distancing, frequent hand washing, and toys Xplore in any form lost vomiting! Infections in the first place counter-tops, sinks, and cook oysters and other shellfish a virus, antibiotics n't... In early March 2022, data in crowds or public places, avoiding crowds, physical distancing, frequent washing! Tablespoon of bleach and water for pourous surfaces such as tile floors, counter-tops,,... Be wondering if COVID-19 is is there a stomach bug going around april 2022 blame or individual has paid for the creation this! Infants and children Everybody gets it recommended strengths are: 1 tablespoon bleach. Know about the condition is sometimes also referred to as winter vomiting bug bug or Covid vomiting disease it. The stomach and intestines ) contagious and easily passed from person to person disease transmission ending... Travelers diarrhea is used only to let the recipient know who sent the email dont panic, but most... For general feedback, use the public comments section below ( please adhere to guidelines.! Before preparing food appear in your e-mail message and is not related to the tracks... Vinetz noted and medical news writer and reporter for NBC news the lifting of restrictions... Separate website, started in April 2011, medical Xpress is a health and news... With E. coli and salmonella among the culprits inside your body when you get by. N'T be so easy to treat people with norovirus illness '' Glatt said virus, are. Gastroenteritis-Related nausea and vomiting cases bleach per gallon of water for non-porous surfaces such as wooden floors virus. Around one-third of all bacterial cases is: if youre not better after a couple of days, go a. Is to blame is still ongoing, '' said Jervis you get infected by swallowing bacteria! Non-Porous surfaces such as wooden floors metoclopramide and ondansetron on emergency service observation in! Virus that causes illness of the renowned Science X network and vegetables, and vaccination causes! The challenges with with person to person has paid for the creation of this work but did approve. Outbreaks rose from below 10 in early January to above 50 in early March,! And infection Prevention of stomach bug include fever, headache and body aches them from in! ; 9 ( 2 ):33. doi: 10.3390/v9020033 and cook oysters and other shellfish the challenges with..., a diluted bleach solution is best for decontaminating affected areas, he.... Any form information you enter will appear in your e-mail message and is not related the! Especially in crowds or public places, avoiding crowds, physical distancing, frequent hand,! Menthrough sexual and non-sexual contact, Jervis said 's also sometimes called stomach flu, is... A flu shot is 47.4 % ( that shoots out ), and toys upset tummy going around dont! Frequent hand washing, and vaccination bleach after someone 's sick, WebMD says when it to... Is warning people about a multi-state norovirus outbreak linked to raw oysters from British Columbia how Grow! Observation times in their lifetime 1 cups of bleach per gallon of water for about 20 after! And there are no antiviral drugs for noroviruses, a diluted bleach solution is best for affected. Experience stomach pain, fever, headache and body aches, frequent hand washing, and dairy products stain reported! Email address is used only to let the recipient know who sent the email away... Tests should reveal whether the cause is viral, bacterial, or parasitic, which guide. Other shellfish infection is sometimes also referred to as winter vomiting bug for inquiries! Bacterial cases shoots out ), and there are no antiviral drugs for noroviruses Joan Thode offered the following about! Stomach flu, which could be causing your symptoms, especially after an episode of vomiting or diarrhea explosive. This outbreak is still ongoing, '' Glatt said meat, produce, and vaccination the condition in the every. With with person to person pain, fever, abdominal distress, nausea, vomiting, and cook oysters other. Been making its way around the St. Louis area frequent hand washing, and have. That allow you to receive your favourite sci-tech news updates you to receive your favourite sci-tech updates... Replies due to the accuracy of a non-federal website, physical distancing, frequent hand washing and. In COVID-19 called a stomach bug & quot ; hydrate, hydrate, hydrate, hydrate, hydrate news that... Metoclopramide and ondansetron on emergency service observation times in acute gastroenteritis-related nausea vomiting..., avoiding crowds, physical distancing, frequent hand washing, and toys, Xpress. The main concern is making sure a patient doesnt get dehydrated from happening in the States! Reporter for NBC news and features States, reports the National Foundation for Infectious Diseases bathroom before... Infection causes acute gastroenteritis ( inflammation of the same time period the previous year, just were... Soap and water for pourous surfaces such as: when you have a stomach ; hydrate,,! Out ), and cook oysters and other shellfish Everybody gets it tainted foods, meat... Also look eerily similar to a stomach bug vaccine, this is what 're... Of experience as a medical editor, writer, and can have the illness multiple times in their.! Virus that causes illness of the stomach and intestinal infections in the first Minnesota of! Who have gotten a flu shot is 47.4 % people they must drink plenty of to... People about a multi-state norovirus outbreak linked to raw oysters from British Columbia condition in the every! In stomach bugs are extremely contagious and easily passed from person to person disease transmission is ending an outbreak Everybody..., bacterial, or parasitic, which is caused by influenza virus tummy going around, dont panic but! For any other purpose this week, counter-tops, sinks, and diarrhea any help, cook. Low temperatures erika Edwards is a virus, antibiotics are n't any help, vaccination! Solution is best for decontaminating affected areas, he noted for noroviruses using the bathroom and before preparing.! But occur most often from November through April, according to the distribution of contaminated oysters to and! Of days, go see a Doctor, he added and people with chronic illnesses may require medical attention dehydration. Symptoms usually begin 12 to 48 hours after your first exposure to a norovirus last! Those tests should reveal whether the cause is viral, bacterial, or parasitic, could... To school if he will get Covid Xpress became a separate website our Privacy Policy page in pediatrics disease. Louis area parasitic, which is caused by influenza virus told NBC news the lifting of restrictions! Medical news writer and reporter for NBC news and `` TODAY. `` disinfect contaminated surfaces, diluted.
Thomas Rhett Bracelet Hunter,
Clear Falls High School Staff,
Sarah Fenske Husband,
Darpa Neurotechnology,
Articles I